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Cholera Hides in Biofilm
"The germ that causes cholera (Vibrio cholerae) forms a biofilm that enables it to survive in the presence of chlorine in concentrations 1000 to 2000% higher than that found in chlorinated drinking water."
Allen Rathey
Reference: Stanford University
By EPA
Particle pollution (also called particulate matter or PM) is the term for a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air. Some particles, such as dust, dirt, soot, or smoke, are large or dark enough to be seen with the naked eye. Others are so small, they can only be detected using an electron microscope.
How Big is Particle Pollution?
Particle pollution includes "inhalable coarse particles," with diameters larger than 2.5 microns and smaller than 10 microns and "fine particles," with diameters that are 2.5 microns and smaller. How small is 2.5 microns? Think about a single hair from your head. The average human hair is about 70 microns in diameter – making it about 30 times larger than the largest fine particle.
These particles come in many sizes and shapes and can be made up of hundreds of different chemicals. Some particles, known as primary particles are emitted directly from a source, such as construction sites, unpaved roads, fields, smokestacks or fires. Others form in complicated reactions in the atmosphere of chemicals such as sulfur dioxides and nitrogen oxides that are emitted from power plants, industries and automobiles. These particles, known as secondary particles, make up most of the fine particle pollution in the U.S.
EPA regulates inhalable particles (fine and coarse) in outdoor air. Particles larger than 10 microns (sand and large dust) are not regulated by EPA.
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The mission of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is to protect human health and the environment. Since 1970, the EPA has been working for a cleaner, healthier environment for the American people. At laboratories located throughout the nation, the agency works to assess environmental conditions and to identify, understand and solve current and future environmental problems.
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